Richard Sennett 'Together'

Abstract

A source that is unused for the essay, but is one of which that contributes to the main argument. The book's introduction is relevant to the professional practice of an artist mainly about the cooperative work and how it can help to resonates the purpose of the work better compared to when they isolate themselves from the society. I do not think the book have substantial information that can be relevant to back the argument in my essay as it got deep into the sociology of creative practice.Therefore, I decided not to use this book as reference.

PREFACE

x.

‘Practical skill is a tool rather than salvation, but lacking it, issues of Meaning and Value remain abstractions.’

xi.

‘… no one could survive as a passive creature without will; we have at least to attempt to make the way we live.’

INTRODUCTION

4.

(on diversity: sexuality, race and religion)

‘To force all this complexity into a single cultural mould would be politically repressive and tell a lie about ourselves. The ‘self’ is a composite of sentiments, affiliations and behaviours which seldom fit neatly together; any call for tribal unity will reduce this personal complexity.’

5.

(Bernard Madeville fable of the bees, Georg Simmel the strangers)

‘… some public good can come from shared vice, but only if people do not ‘suffer’ from religious, political or indeed any convictions.’

6.

‘One result of managing conflict well, as in a war or political struggle, is that such cooperation sustains social groups across the misfortunes and upheavals at times.’

8.

‘Cultural homogenisation is apparent in modern architecture, clothing, fast food, popular music, hotels … an endless, globalisation list. ‘Everybody is basically the same’ expresses a neutrality-seeking view of the world. The desire to neutralise difference, to domesticate it, arises … from an anxiety about difference, which intersects with economics of global consumer culture. One result is to weaken the impulse to cooperate with those who remain intractably Other.’

9.

‘people are losing the skills to deal with intractable differences as material inequality isolates them, short-term labour makes their social contacts more superficial and activates anxiety about the Other. We are losing skills of cooperation needed to make a complex society work.’

13.

(Erik Erikson)

‘self-awareness emerges within the context of experimenting and communicating to others.’

16.

(on collective rehearsals)

‘Musicians with good rehearsal skills work forensically, investigating concrete problems. True, many musicians are highly opinionated …, but these opinions will sway others only if they shape a particular moment of collective sound. This empiricism is perhaps the most resonant point about artistic cooperation in a rehearsal: cooperation is built from the ground up. Performers need to find and work on telling, significant specifics.’

17.

‘Ritual makes expressive cooperation work … As will appear, ritual enables expressive cooperation in religion, in the workplace, in politics and in community life.’

18-19.

dialectical approach aims to reach common understanding

‘Skill in practising dialectic lies in detecting what might establish that common ground.’

‘You pick up on the intention, the context, make it explicit and talk about it.’

20.

Adam Smith on sympathy

‘Imagination can overcome these barriers; it can make a leap from difference to likeness so that strange or foreign experience seems our own. Then we can identify with them and will sympathise with their trials.’

21.

Empathy

‘Curiosity figures more strongly in empathy than in sympathy.’

22.

Sympathy v.s. Empathy

‘As a philosophic matter, sympathy can be understood as one emotional reward for the thesis-antithesis-synthesis play of dialectic; ‘Finally we understand each other,’ and that feels good. Empathy is more linked to dialogic exchange; though curiosity sustains the exchange, we don’t experience the same satisfaction of closure, wrapping things up. But empathy does contain its own emotional reward.’

Indirection gives a leeway for experimentation and improvisation

‘… this subjunctive mood opened up a space for experiment; tentativeness issued an invitation to others to join in.’

23.

‘By practising indirection, speaking to one another in the subjunctive mood, we can experience a certain kind of sociable pleasure: being with other people, focusing on and learning about them, without forcing ourselves into the mould of being like them.’

24.

‘In dialogics, while people do not neatly fir together like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle, yet they can get both knowledge and pleasure from their exchanges.’

24 – 25.

Cooperation online

‘Their most potent political effect occurs when they stimulate and arouse people to act off-line, rather than containing them to experience on-screen.’

27.

Machine moderates

‘Its (Google Wave’s) dialectical, linear structure failed to account for the complexities which develop through cooperation.’

28.

Problem with machine moderation in online cooperation

‘…meeting face to face to practise more effective lateral thinking, including everyone fully in the conversation.’

‘shedding context often means shedding sense; understanding between people shrinks.’

29.

‘The fault is in the … software written by engineers with an inadequate understanding of social exchange.’

COP2 Critical Analysis

Herbert Marcuse 'One-Dimensional Man'

Abstract

'One-Dimensional Man' is another core text of my essay. Understanding that the mainstream media have always been promoting animation as children's entertainment has given a narrow minded view of the general public towards animation as a medium of art, platform for self-expression and discourse in the society. Also, there has been certain standard that society establish to the people who wants to pursue animation in further animation. The most common one is:' Oh, so you want to work for *insert the name of giant animation studio in America* '. Some others think of YouTube, TVs or advertising, which is seen as a risky job on the financial side.

Society recognised the importance of money to measure the worth of people under the capitalist system, and that money can buy happiness. Up to date, the consumerist lifestyle, trend and envy has become the main targeting of the corporations, and has trapped society in superficiality. Marcuse has critically analysed this condition of the advanced industrialised society as he wrote One-Dimensional Man (Published in 1964).

Quotes

‘Independence of thought, autonomy, and the right to political opposition are being deprived of their basic critical function in a society which seems increasingly capable of satisfying the needs of the individuals through the way in which it is organised. Such a society may justly demand acceptance of discussion and promotion of alternative policies within the status quo.’

‘Under the condition of a rising standard of living, non-conformity with the system itself appears to be socially useless, and the more so when it entails tangible economic and political disadvantages and threatens the smooth operation of the whole.’

‘If the individual were no longer compelled to prove himself on the market, as a free economy subject, the disappearance of this kind of freedom would be one of the greatest achievements of civilisation.’

‘The technological processes of mechanization and standardization might release individual energy into a yet uncharted realm of freedom beyond necessity. The very structure of human existence would be altered; the individual would be liberated from the work world’s imposing upon him alien needs and alien possibilities.’

5.

‘The individual would be free to exert autonomy over a life that would be his own. If the productive apparatus could be organised and directed toward the satisfaction of the vital needs. Its control might well be centralised; such control would not prevent individual autonomy, but render it possible.’

7.

(False needs)

‘Those which are superimposed upon the individual by particular social interest in his repression: the needs which perpetuate toil, aggressiveness, misery, and injustice.’

False needs offer instant gratification to the individual. It is important not to be sustained because it halts the masses’ ability to recognise the essence of societal problem and to take chances to solve it.

‘The result then is euphoria in unhappiness. Most of the prevailing needs to relax, to have fun, to behave and consume in accordance with the advertisements, to love and hate what others love and hate, belong to this category of false needs.’

Masses are used as an instrument for the ‘external power’ to fulfil societal satisfaction and function that has been predetermined by them.

‘No matter how much such needs may have become the individual’s own, reproduced and fortified by the condition of his existence; no matter how much he identifies himself with them and finds himself in their satisfaction, they continue to be what they were from the beginning - products if a society whose domain interest demands repression.’

8.

‘The only needs that have not been totally claimed for satisfaction are the vital ones - nourishments, clothing, lodging at the attainable level of culture. The satisfaction of these needs is the prerequisite for the realisation of all needs, of the unsublimated as well as the sublimated ones.’

9.

What we have to achieve is to overthrow the dominance of false needs and replace it with the true ones, abandoning the satisfaction that strains our freedom.

The ‘advanced industrial society’ is notoriously known for impeding the societal development towards liberation of the masses from the repressive authority that maintains the status quo. The social control has extended the need for frivolity which are therapeutic to the exhausted proletariats and provides escape from their arduous lifestyle in order to get back to it again. Deceptive liberty helps maintain the status quo: ‘free competition at administered price, a free press which censors itself, free choice between brands and gadgets.’

‘The range of choice open to the individual is not the decisive factor in determining the degree of human freedom, but what can be chosen and what is not chosen by the individual.’

10.

‘The criterion for free choice can never be an absolute one, but neither is it entirely relative.’

Pre-conditioned class system

‘Sustaining social controls over a life of toil and fear - sustains alienation’

‘The spontaneous reproduction of superimposed needs by the individual does not establish autonomy; it only testifies efficacy of control.’

Equalisation of class distinction:

‘Assimilation’ does not eliminates the class distinction, rather it is the homogeneity of the needs and satisfaction that are shared by the society controlled by the establishment.

‘Transplantation of social into individual needs, obscured the contrast between the two functions in reality.’

11.

‘We are again confronted with one of the most vexing aspects of industrial civilisation: the rational character of its irrationality. Its productivity and efficiency, its capacity to increase and spread comforts, to turn to waste into need, and destruction into construction, the extent to which this civilisation transforms the object world into an extension of man’s mind and body makes the very notion of alienation questionable. The people recognises themselves in their commodities; they find their soul in their automobile, hi-fi set, split-level home, kitchen equipment. The very mechanism which ties the individual to his society has changed, and social control is anchored in the new needs which it has produced.’

Technological means of social control is prevalent in the advanced industrial society is divisive in nature. It imposes formula and efficacy that trap the masses to fear the uncertain; alien to the status quo. The integration of such superficial thoughts are also catalysed by alarming social condition, such as mortality and the pressing needs to instigate peace through the enforcement of law.

The technological means of social control in contemporary industrial civilisation has successfully manifested the masses so they accept things that are appropriate to sustain the status quo, and dismiss all contradiction by deeming them ‘irrational’ and all counteractions ‘impossible’.

12.

‘The social controls have been introjected to the point where even individual protest is affected at its roots. The intellectual and emotional refusal ‘to go along’ appears neurotic and impotent’

The reality imposed by technology has penetrated the boundary between the conscious and the unconscious, as a result, masses lost their capacity to make a judgement that is not just the ‘mechanical reactions’ that is expected by the system.

13.

(One-dimensional mind)

The capacity of critical reasoning that comes internally from an individual has been crippled by the technological control, such that the root of opposition against the status quo are exterminated before subversive thoughts could even happen. The masses have come to terms and accepts the laws of their society as ‘the facts of life’. Efficiency of the capitalist system has stifled the masses from questioning its repressive nature.

‘The concept of alienation seems to become questionable when the individuals identify themselves with the existence which is imposed upon them and have in it their own development and satisfaction.’

‘The identification is not illusion but reality. However, reality constitutes a more progressive stage of alienation. The latter has become entirely objective; the subject which is alienated is swallowed up by its alienated existence.’

Societal progress created one-dimensional society which rejects radical ideas and their propositions. The ‘false consciousness’ is the new true consciousness justified by social norm established by the system, and passively consumed by the masses.

14.

‘The means of mass transportation and communication, the commodities of lodging, food, and clothing, the irresistible output of the entertainment and information industry carry with them prescribed attitudes and habits, certain intellectual and emotional reactions which binds the consumers more or less pleasantly to the producers and, through the latter, to the whole.’

(Lack of objectivity)

Advertising becomes a lifestyle

Promotion of glamour to work against qualitative change in the society

The trend’s ‘common feature is a total empiricism in the treatment of concepts; their meaning is restricted to the representation of particular operations and behaviour.’

Sub-cultures: Materialism incorporates spiritual, metaphysical and bohemian lifestyle.

‘Such modes of protest and transcendence are no longer contradictory to the status quo and no longer negative. They are rather the ceremonial part of practical behaviourism, its harmless negation, and are quickly digested by the status quo as part of its healthy diet.’

16.

(Media publication: rationalising policies and narrow-mindedness/binary opposites)

‘One-dimensional thought is systematically promoted by the makers of politics and their purveyors of mass information. Their universe of discourse is populated by self-validating hypotheses which, incessantly and monopolistically repeated, become hypnotic definitions or dictations.’

East-West contrast

East (Communism)

Instituted by communist regime, all other transcending modes of freedom are either capitalistic, or revisionist, or leftist sectarianism.

West (Liberal)

“Free World” other transcending modes of freedom are by definition either anarchism, communism, or propaganda.

“Socialistic” ideals encroached corporations; universal and comprehensive health insurance, environmental conservation from commercial activities, public services hurt profits.

‘In both camps, non-operational ideas are non-behavioural and subversive. The movement of thought is stopped at barriers which appear as the limits of Reason itself.’

Mark Collington 'Animation in Context'

Abstract

Animation in Context is a book by Mark Collington that I shapes my main arguments in the essay. The book summarises complex theories of animation, and can be used as a guideline in critical writing within the topic of animation. Out of all the theories that is presented in the book, I am most keen towards Hannah Arendt's theory of 'Human Condition' which described that self-expression remains crucial for human beings. It leads to self-discovery and eventually discourse that could contribute to the qualitative change in society. 

Collington also explains a concept that I always feel strongly about:

‘The visual techniques used in the most meaningful animations are not driven by technology or style, but are result of narrative form and function’

He compared understanding an animation to how we understand a narrative in very old paintings. We need to have a degree of contextual understanding of the general history at that period of time when the painting is made in order to fully appreciate the animation.

I personally think that animation should be seen as an entirety, and not as segments, therefore examining transitions that leads one scene to another should also be analysed. I will follow up talking about movements and transitions not in the visual investigation sketchbook, but in the blogs so that I can coherently get my points across as I can put on the reference videos, which could not be done on a piece of paper.

The Human Condition

‘Can be described as the artistic self-expression of the identity and everyday existence of an individual, society or entire civilisation, which is determined by the events of their past, present and future.’

‘A term that captures the innate survival instinct of mankind to master his own destiny over the constraints and fears imposed upon him by other civilizations, society, individuals or even himself. Ultimately, the human condition is a term that can be applied to the relationship between mankind and the natural environment, that is, the ability of mankind to take control over the natural world and even leave planet Earth altogether in search of an even greater voyage of self-discovery.’

‘Human condition and their historical context’:

• Fairy tales representation.
• Modernist and propagandist representations of the impact of technology and war on the everyman.
• Interpretations of deeply personal and abstract human experiences using techniques of animated documentaries.

Michael Foucault (French constructionist) ‘believed that knowledge is produced through discourse and that nothing exists meaningfully within itself without being defined as a topic for discussion. Further, it is the context within which something is discussed, in other words the era or culture in which the subject is discussed, that defines the nature of its very being. Above all, at any period in history, it is the views of those in particular positions of power that determine commonly held knowledge and beliefs.’

‘By reading about current affairs, as well as reading, thinking and writing how and why real events have informed the work of others, you will have a better idea of how and why you can express yourself through animation. As an artist, animation can be a way for you to explore the world, understand your place in in and share your own artistic interpretation of world events online with others.

The Culture Industry: Consumerism and the status quo

‘In modern society … have also established particularly powerful ways for government and large organizations to manipulate public behaviour by not only controlling the news media, but also advertising and entertainment.’

Walter Lippman (critic of American government’s propaganda) ‘defined that the use of news media by governments and large organisations to filter facts and influence public opinion as the ‘manufacture of consent’

‘Societies will often alienate those whose cultures, lifestyles and values deviate from those held as the established norm.’

‘But for Marx, subsequent neo-Marxist and modernist artists, a key function of great art was how it could be used as an aesthetic process (artistic experience) to educate people. Art could expose or challenge the reality behind many of the belief systems used by society, that condition people to accept the repressive and dehumanising effects of capitalism as the ‘normal’ way of life. Equally it could provide emotional escape from highly rationalised and industrialised society.’

The challenge for the individual and society is to be able to separate knowledge gained through active human experience, reading and debate rather than passively absorbing our identity and understanding of the world through exposure to corporately managed digital media, both in public urban spaces and the privacy of home.

‘Animation was born out of experimentation with a range of expressive art forms, such as shadow puppetry, and also the technology of optical toys. We have also witnessed how animation very quickly became an industrialised form of highly-stylised mainstream animation.’

Authorship

‘Animation is especially persuasive in depicting such states of consciousness - memory, fantasy, dream and so on - because it can easily resist the conventions of the material world and the ‘realist’ representation that characterises live-action cinema. Interestingly, this capability is highly enabling because it can illustrate both states of consciousness and the visual conceptualisations of psychological and emotional conditions.’ (Wells, P. (2002) Animation, Genre and Authorship, p.49)

‘The visual techniques used in the most meaningful animations are not driven by technology or style, but are result of narrative form and function’

‘We now live in an age where narrative genres evolve and hybridise as quickly as the human world and consume our imagination with concerns about our present and also our future.’

Considerations of semiotics: thorough research of subject matter, meaningful juxtaposition, aesthetic, sensitivity in representing different cultures, use of colours, anthropomorphism. Ultimately, produce harmonious composition that makes the artwork effectively communicate meanings to the viewers.

‘Our ability to understand a narrative, particularly in very old paintings, often requires us to understand the moral codes, customs, beliefs, values and visual metaphors of the given era and culture.’

‘How these more conventional ways of reading images and narrative sequences can be challenged through more abstract modernist art movements’

‘Discussion of genre has reinforced how at different periods throughout history, civilisations have reflected on mankind’s place in the world, using stories and images to understand and record what defines their society and the human (or hero) within it.’

‘Directors have focused on presenting the audience with nonfictional knowledge that often reveals more personal abstract truths and aspects about the human condition, in ways that avoid stereotyping, delve deeper into the human psyche and challenge our preconceptions about the function and purpose of all forms of documentary.’

‘Documenting and visualising synesthesia … a neurological phenomenon in which some people’s senses, such as sight, taste, smell and hearing crossover with one another. The result for some is that sounds, words and letters may be perceived as being of certain colour or even having a particular smell or taste. … for representing knowledge about subjective abstract experiences, feelings and memories.’

Independent animators ‘Directly and indirectly challenged preconceptions about the narrative content, function and form of animation.’

Cross-disciplinary practice (in the case of animation): work with a range of experimental and expressive techniques inspired by other film, art and design disciplines to enhance storytelling skills

‘Pschological insight to, or evoke a feeling of the state of mind of the subject’

‘Evocation … focuses more on more abstract stimuli such as colours, textures, rhythms, sounds and so forth.’